Amathuba ase-IEEE asebhalwe emhlabeni kanye nezindlela zokuphakamisa umkhawulo we-Grid kanye nokufaka i-EV

Umkhawulo wokusakazwa kwemithuba kaseNorth America uyaphatha isibonelo esikhulu. Amathuba asekhale, ukuphakama kwezindlu zokusebenza, ukungena kwezindlela zokuphakama kwezinhlobo zokuphakama, kunye nokufika kwezinkampani zokufaka i-EV ziyakha izinkinga ezintsha yokunikezela amathuba okusakazwa kwezinhlobo zokuphakama.

Njengoba amathuba kanye nezindlu zokusebenza ziyakhetha ukusakazwa kwemithuba yasezansi, Isistanda se-IEEE izikhululi zokwebaka ezivalelwe sizakwenzeka isiqephu esibalulekile sokuphakama kwemithuba yasekhaya.

Kungafana nezithuthi zokugcina zokuphakamisa ezihlukaniswe kumaphoyinti, izithuthi zokugcina zokulayisha kuzilayishwa emanzini ngaphansi kwemikhumbu yezinkampani ezingenakwenzeka ukuthi zizwele. Zinikeza ukuxhumana okuhle phakathi kwezinhlobo zokugcina zokuphakamisa zokugcina emanzini nezinhlobo zokugcina zokulayisha emanzini, ngokuvumela ukufinyelela kwezinkampani, ubuyiselelo lwabantu, nokusebenza okudala ngokuphelele.

Kubantu abasebenza ngokuchaza izinkampani, abasebenzi bokwenza i-EPC, abasalela amakhompyutha, nabasebenzi be-Commercial EV charging, ukukhetha izithuthi ezifanele kungenxa yokufanana kokuphakamisa nokukhulu kwe-kVA kuphela. Abachaza kufanele bahlalele izistandadi ze-IEEE/ANSI, iziphakamiso zokufedha, ukusebenza kwesikhathi, ukuxhumana kwezixhobo zokuvikela, ubunzima bezikhumba, nokusebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza.

Le ngqalaselo yezibalo iyachaza izisifundo esizingekile nokubhekiselela kwezibalo ekufuneka kubhekiselwe ekukhetheni izithuthi zokugcina zokulayisha zokuphakamisa kanye nezinkampani zokugcina zokulayisha zokuphakamisa kwezinhlobo zokugcina zokuphakamisa zaseNorth America nezinkampani zokugcina zokulayisha zaseNorth America .

1. Kungani Izikhululi zokwebaka ezivalelwe Isiqondiso sokuguqula isikhumbu saseNorth America

1.1 Indima Yokuthuthukisa Kwesikhathi Sokuhambisa Amandla Ngendlela Yokuhlanjwa

Ukuthuthukisa kwesikhathi sokuhambisa amandla ngendlela yokuhlanjwa kusetyenziswa kakhulu emaqhingweni ase-Amerika eyaseNtshonalanga, emaqhingweni okusebenza, emaqhingweni okuphatha indawo yokusebenza, kanye nemiqondo yokuqala yezindawo zokudala.

Nakuba ukuthuthukisa kwesikhathi sokuhambisa amandla ngendlela yokuhlanjwa kubizwa ngokuvamile ngamathuba akhulu amaningi kunezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla ngendlela yokuhlanga, kunezinkonzo eziningi eziphathelene nalo kumathuba okuthuthukisa:

• Ukunciphisa ukubonwa kwamandla okuphakathi kwezinye izinto zokugcina, izihlangu, nezinye izinto zokugcina zokuzimela.

• Ukuthuthukisa kwesikhathi sokubonwa kumathuba okusebenza nokubonwa kumathuba okuphakathi.

• Ukunciphisa izinkinga zokuhlangana kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla ngendlela yokuhlanga.

• Ukuthuthukisa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza nokuthuthukisa kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla.

• Ukufikelela kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kuleli ndawo yomhlaba kubantu ababhekisekileyo bokusebenza kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla.

Kodwa, ukuthuthukisa kwesikhathi sokuhambisa amandla ngendlela yokuhlanjwa akasusa izinkinga zokungafiki kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla. Izinkinga zokungafiki kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla, ukulahla kwamandla, ukuphatha kwamandla, nokungafiki kwezinhlobo zokuhambisa amandla ziyizinkinga eziningi zokuthuthukisa.

Amathransifomaya okugcina amandla okwesinye isikhathi okuphakathi kwemithombo bafana baphatha indlela eyinkulu phakathi kwezindlela zokuthumela amandla emhlabathi (medium-voltage feeders) nezinhlangano zamandla esibili ezisindisa izindlu, izinkampani zezindawo zokusebenza, nokuthumela amandla kwe-EV.

1.2 Amakhishini Amasha Amasemthwakazini Ayichange Imiphumela Yomkhishini

Amakhishini okuthumela amandla okuzimayelana ngokupheleleyo ayabhekene ngezinhlangano zokusebenza zezindlu nezinkampani ezinamandla anguqukileyo.

Namuhla, amakhishini kufanele abhekene nabahleli babo obubanzi obunguqukileyo, kusukela ku-:

• Amadepatamenti amasha amanquma.

• Amakhishini wezindawo zokugcina imininingwane nezinkampani zezindawo zokusebenza.

• Ukuthumela kwamandla kwe-solar ephakeme kanye nezinhlangano zokugcina amandla kwe-battery.

• Amakhishini amasha wokuthumela amandla kwe-EV.

• Amakhishini amasha wokuthumela amandla kwezindawo zokusebenza.

• Ukuvutha okuphakeme kokubona nokwenza umkhishini wokuthumela amandla ngokwezinye.

Lezi zizindlela zikubika izinto eziphakanyisiweyo ezihlanganisa ubukhulu be-transformer, ubukhulu be-loads obushintshana, ukuphatha kwezinkokhelo, ukulungiswa kwevoltage, nokuhlanganisa ukulawula.

Isibonelo, indawo yokucharga yebhizinisi enenekile ngamacharja a-manyama a-350 kW DC okusha kusobala kufune ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu be-transformer kunendawo yokuqasha yezindawo zokuthengisa.

Ngoko ke, ukukhetha i-transformer kufanele kubhekise ubukhulu be-electrical bamanje nobukhulu obuyisemva kubalulekile.

2. Ukuzwisisa i-IEEE nezindlela zokusebenza ze-ANSI kuma-transformer okugcinwa emhlabathini

Ukuqiniseka kokuthi kusebenza ngokulinganisa nezindlela zokusebenza zaseNorth America kuyisibalo esibalulekile kakhulu xa kufundiswa i-transformer okugcinwa emhlabathini.

Umbuso we-IEEE C57 uyasetshenziswa ukuvumela amandla nokuhlanganisa ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe njani ukwakha i-transformer, ukusebenza kwayo, ukuzimisa, nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

2.1 Izindlela zokusebenza zesibalo se-IEEE kuma-transformer okugcinwa emhlabathini okuyisilinganiso

Standards	Isifundo Esikhulu	Ubukhulu Bekusiza Kwemithombo
IEEE C57.12.34	Izinyathelo ezintathu, i-60 Hz, i-liquid-immersed pad-mounted distribution transformers	Amathembekiso emvelo, ukwakha nokuthi kuyasebenza njani
IEEE C57.12.22	Amatransformera amathathu-umkhondo, 60 Hz, aphakathi kwemithi yamafutha, ayisakazekile ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza zokuphakamisa	Amathembekiso okuthi kuyasebenza njani kwezindlela zokusebenza zamatransformera
IEEE C57.12.28	Ukuqiniseka kokubili kwebhokisi yezinto ezisakazekile ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza	Ukungafanele ukuthi kubhekwe njengokuthi kufanele kubhekwe, ukungafanele ukuthi kubhekwe njengokuthi kufanele kubhekwe kwezinto ezisakazekile ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokusebenza
IEEE C57.12.00	Amathembekiso amaningi amatransformera aphakathi kwemithi yamafutha, amapower nezokulungisa	Amathembekiso amaningi emvelo nokuthi kuyasebenza njani
IEEE C57.12.90	Ikhowudi yokuzivocavoca amatransformera aphakathi kwemithi yamafutha	Ukuvumela kwezinkulungwane zokusebenza kwelekthrikhu nezokuphatha kwe-dielectric
IEEE C57.91	Isilumkiso sokulayisha amathransfomaya okugcina ngamafutha eminenjini	Ukuvumela kwezinkulungwane zokugcina isikhathi sokugcina nokubhekana nesikhathi sokuphatha kwezinsimbi
IEEE C57.12.70	Amashicelo eendawo zokuxhumana nezindlela zokuxhumana	Ukuvumela kwezindlela zokuxhumana nokuhlela kwezindawo zokuxhumana

Inqaku yokuqondisa: IEEE C57.12.22 ne-IEEE C57.12.34 libonakalisa iziphakamiso zezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezahlukeneyo futhi azinakukhangelwa njengamabizo amafanayo. Abaprofesiwane baya kufuna ukuthi bavumele indlela eyisisekelo, isihloko, ilayisi yezivinini, nezindlela zokuhlela kwezinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuthenga.

2.2 Kungani Ukuthi Ukuvumela Kwezindawo Zokuxhumana Kwesikrini Kuyisisekelo Sokunakekile

Izitransefomaya zokufaka emaphakathini zihlanganiswa ngokushesha kwezindawo eziphumelelayo kubantu, kungakhathaliseki izindawo zokufaka amakhompyutha, izindawo zokujabulisa abantu, nezindawo zokufaka i-EV.

Ngakho-ke, ukwakha kwendawo yokufihla kuyisibonelo sokuvikela esiphambili.

I-IEEE C57.12.28 isebenzisa imikhahlelo yokuvikela indawo yokufihla yezitransefomaya zokufaka emaphakathini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingasitholiwa ngokungafanele nokuthi zibe nesivikelo sezinhlobo zemizimba.

Izinkinga eziphambili zokudesigning zihlanganisa:

• Ukwakha kwezindawo ezinamandla okuthinteka.

• Amadola okufihla amahle nokukhanya kwezinkampani.

• Izinkampani ezingavikeli ngokuphelele nokukhanya kwezinkampani.

• Ukuphelele kwezinkampani zokufihla.

• Ukuphelele kwezindawo zokufihla nokukhanya kwezinkampani.

Kumaqondweni wasekunene, abaningi bafuna ukuzilungisa ukuthi kubhekwa kwezincwadi, ukuthi kubhekwa kwezinhlobo zemizimba, ukuthi kubhekwa kwezinkampani, nokuthi kubhekwa kwezinhlobo zemizimba zokuvikela ngokuphelele.

Ukuhlanganisa ne-IEEE C57.12.28 kufanele kusukwe kubudokhumenti be-dizayini nezindlela zokuphakamisa ubudlelwano, futhi izidingo zemithombo yomkhosi okwesikhashana noma ukuphatha ngamaphutha kungase kubhekiswe kuminye imininingwane yokusebenza kwezindaba zokuziphatha ngamaphutha.

2.3 Izinkinga zokuvumela kuka-UL, CSA, nokuziphatha ngamaphutha

Ukuthenga kwemithombo yomkhosi emazweni amaningi eNorth America kungahlanganisa izinkinga eziningi zokuhlanganisa.

Lokhu kuchaza izistandadi zokudizayina zika-IEEE/ANSI, izinkinga zokuvumela noma ukuthengiswa kwezinhloso zokuphepha, izisifundo sezinkampani zokuziphatha ngamaphutha, nezincamango zokusebenza kwezilawulo zokusebenza kwezilawulo.

Umthombo wokuziphatha ngamaphutha owodizayinwe ngokusebenzisa izistandadi zika-IEEE akasivumelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngu-UL noma ngu-CSA.

Kwakhona, ukulangana nezistandadi eziqondile akavumelela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi umthombo wokuziphatha ngamaphutha uqinisekiswe ngokuvumela kwezinkampani zokuziphatha ngamaphutha.

Ngaphambi kokuthenga, izigaba zemithombo zokuziphatha ngamaphutha zifanele zibhekise:

1. Izistandadi nezihlobo zika-IEEE/ANSI ezisebenzayo.

2. Izihlobo zemithombo yomkhosi ozivumelwe ngokuziphatha ngamaphutha.

3. Ukuvumela kwezinye izigaba noma ukuphakamisa ubudlelwano.

4. Imibizo yokuqiniseka kwezindawo zokusebenza kwe-Energy kwe-United States eziyimfuneko.

5. Imibizo yokuqiniseka kwe-Canada nezifunda zemiphakathi, uma ziyisisekelo.

6. Amaphosti wokuzilungiselela kwezindawo zokusebenza kanye nendaba yezintechi ezinamandla.

Kubatwa ngamathransfomaya okufakwa, le mibizo kufanele ibonakaliswe kusikhathi sokufaka umbuzo (RFQ) kodwa akufanele kubonakaliswe emva kokufakwa kwamathransfomaya.

3. Imibizo ebalulekile yokugcina kwezindawo zokugcina Izixhumanisi zeqembu

Ukukhetha umathransfomaya othembekile kuyindlela eyodwa yokuphatha imibizo yezinhlobo zokusebenza, izindlela zokuhambisa amandla, izinsiza zokuvimbela, kanye nezinkampani zokuvimbela.

3.1 Ukuthenga kwe-Loop vs. Ukuthenga kwe-Radial kwezindawo zokugcina

Izindlela ezimbili zokuxhumeka kwe-high-voltage ziyizindlela zokuthenga kwe-radial kanye nokuthenga kwe-loop.

Isimo sokuthenga kwe-radial

Umathransfomaya okuthenga kwe-radial uyathola amandla kusuka kwezindlela zokuhambisa ephakade enye.

Leqala leli lithuseleka kahle lapho isithuthi sikhona emuva kwesikhundla sesandla sokuhambisa noma lapho amakhonikti wezindawo zokuhambisa ezingafanele.

Izinzuzo:

• Ukubeka kwesandla sokuhambisa okuphakeme kakhulu.

• Kunye kwezindawo zokuxhuma kwezandla sokuhambisa zemikhabelo yezinkampani.

• Iyasebenza kahle kumalungelo wokusebenza kwezindawo ezihlukene.

• Kungaba nokuncipha kwezinto zokusebenza nokufaka kwezinto zokusebenza.

Kodwa, umphuzo noma ukungafani kokuhambisa kwezandla sokuhambisa kungasinda usizo lwabantu abasezansi.

Ukubeka Kwesandla Sokuhambisa Ngokugxilwa

Isithuthi sokugxilwa sibeka amakhonikti wezandla sokuhambisa okuyimfuneko ukusinda isandla sokuhambisa ngaphandle kwesikhundla sesithuthi.

Ngokuchaza kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza nezinkampani zokuguqula ezifakiwe, le ndlela iyasebenza ngokugxilwa nokubeka kwezindawo zokusebenza ezihlukene.

Izinzuzo:

• Ukuhluka kakhulu kwesandla sokuhambisa esenzelwe ngaphansi kwamadwala.

• Ukuthuthukisa ukuguqula umkhakha wokusebenza nokugqubela.

• Ukuthi kungabonakala ukuthuthukisa ukubuyisela umsebenzi.

• Iyasebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza nezinhlangano zezinkampani nezinhlangano zokuhambisana kwezinkampani.

Kubalulekile, isimo sokugqubela kungasiza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusiza umsebenzi. Ukuphinda kuphinde kufundwa kusuka ku-umkhakha wokusebenza, isimo sokuguqula, nokuthi kune-mkhakha wokusebenza okunye.

Izinto ozifuna ukuzibona uma uyakhetha	Ukuthunywa Kwesikhathi Esilungile	Ukuthunywa Kwesikhathi Sokubhala Isikhathi Esilungile
Isimo sokuhambisana kwezinkampani	Ukuthola umkhakha omunye	Amaphuzu okuthola nokuhambisa amakhakha
Isilinganiso Sesho	Amakhakha aya kumphela	Amakhakha okuhambisana kwezinkampani ezihlangothini
Umda Wokufaka	Ngokujulile iphansi	Ngokujulile iphezulu
Ukuhambisana ngokwemiphumela	LIMITED	Kubalula ngokuhambisana kwezinkinga zokuguqula
Ukuhlela kabusha ukusebenza	Kuyaphenduka kwenkulumo yasezulwini	Kungakwazi ukusiza ekukheleni kabusha umkhondo wokusebenza wesibonelo esingaphansi
Izisebenziso eziphambene	Izindawo zokusebenza ezingaphansi	I-Utility URD, amakhampus nezindawo zokusebenza

Ukuchaza ukuthi kufanele yizwa: Amaprojekthi we-distribution yasezulwini okufune ukugxila kwezikhanda zokusebenza kufanele zihlale ziqhathanisa izikhanda zokusebenza zokugxilwa, ngakho-ke izindawo zokusebenza ezingaphansi kungamukela izikhanda zokusebenza zokuphinda ziyisebenze.

3.2 Ukukhetha i-capacity yebhanki yezinkampani ne-voltage

I-bhanki yezinkampani ephakathi kwemithombo yezinkampani ziyatholakala ngokujulile, kusukela kwezinhlobo zokudesign, i-voltage class, izinkinga zokuchitha, nokwamukela kwezinhlobo zokuproducwa.

Amathuluzi wokugcina amathuba okuthathu okwesikhathi esihlukene ashiyekileyo akhona ngokujwayelekileyo:

• 75 kVA

• 150 kVA

• 300 kVA

• 500 kVA

• 750 kVA

• 1,000 kVA

• 1,500 kVA

• 2,000 kVA

• 2,500 kVA

Amadrawing amahle angaphezulu kokufanele kungakhona futhi, kusukela emithethweni yezifundo nezinkinga zomsebenzi.

Izisistimu zesivuthi esiphakathi se-Amerika eyinkimbinkimbi ziyashicileka kwi-13.8 kV, 24.94 kV, ne-34.5 kV, nakuba izilinganiso zezihlangothi zezibhanki zokugcina kufanele zihambanane nezilinganiso zezisistimu zomthwalo wokusebenza nezindlela zokugcina.

Izinketho zezivuthi zokuphinda kabusha ziyashicileka kulezi zinto:

Uvoltage wesiphakathi	Izisebenziso eziphambene
208Y/120 V	Amabhangi amakhulu nezimali zokusebenza zemithwalo yezibhanki
480Y/277 V	Amasitekile ekhaya, amabhangi amakhulu, nezindlela zokucharga i-EV
600Y/347 V	Amasitekile okuqondwa kwe-Canada nezokusebenza
Izifundo ezilungile ngokwezinye	Izisebenzo zomthwalo nezokusebenza

Ukukhetha ilayisi yezivinini kufanele kubhekene nezinkulungwane zokuphatha kwezinsimbi, ilayisi yezivinini yokuqala (BIL), ukuxhumana nesikhathi, nokuthi umsebenzi wasekhaya uyavumela izinkulungwane zokusebenza.

3.3 Isimo Sokunakekile Somkhakha Nezinkulungwane Zokuxhumana Zokwesibili

Kusetyenziswa kwezindawo zokugcina ngaphansi kwamandla, izindlela zokufaka amathransfomaya ezinkulungwane ziyasemthethweni.

Izindlela zokufaka ngaphansi kwamandla zisebenzisa amaqhina amahle amahle okukhanya okuphakathi nokuthiwa kwezinto ezingenayo ukuthi zibe nesikhathi sokusebenza ngokuvumelwayo.

Izinkulungwane eziphakathi kuzo zingaba:

• Amakhonikha we-Loadbreak noma we-deadbreak.

• Amakhonikha wokuphakathi nemizwi yamakhonikha.

• Amakhonikha okukhanya.

• Amakhonikha we-Bay-O-Net.

• Amakhonikha okukhanya okuhambisana nesikhathi.

• Izindikati zokulingana komlando wokuphakama kwamandla.

• Izivinini zokulingana komkhulu kwezilimi.

• Izinkampani zokulahla imandla.

• Izindlela zokugxilwa emhlabeni.

Izinqobo zokulondoloza kufanele zihambisane nezinqobo zokulondoloza ezinguqo futhi nezinqobo zezimali zokusebenza ezinguqo.

Ukusebenzisa izinqobo ezingafani noma zingasemthwakathini azikubhekisele izinkinga zomandla. Ukuguqula, ukuzimisa, nokuhlola kufanele kwenziwe ngokulandela izimiso zomthwakathi nokulondoloza umandla.

4. Amatransformers okuqondisa emlandweni yezibalo zokusebenza kwezinkampani zokucharga kwe-EV ngokushesha

Umphakathi wokucharga kwe-EV kwezinkampani uyenziwa ngokuphatha okuhambisana nokuphatha kwezimali zokusakazela eziningi.

Umatransformer owenza isikhundla sesithuthi sokucharga ngokushesha sokuqondisa kufanele asizele amandla aphezulu, izici zokuguqula kwezicharge, izidingo zokuguqula komkhulu kwezimali, nokunye kwezidingo zokunzima kwezimali.

4.1 Ukubala umkhulu wamatransformer yokucharga ngokushesha sokuqondisa

Hlalani ukuthi kukhona indawo yokucharga yamakhonkco evolusheni yomkhakha enenayo amacharja a-4 asebenzisa i-DC okukhulu kwe-350 kW.

Umkhakha wokugcina we-DC othile wokuphakama kakhulu ngu:

4 × 350 kW = 1,400 kW

Ukubhekana nokuthi umkhakha wokucharga uyisibonelo sokuthi u-95% futhi ukuthi i-power factor yase-AC ngu-0.99:

Umakhubu wokufanele ukuthi wabekwe:

I-Transformer kVA = 1,400 ÷ (0.95 × 0.99)

≈ 1,489 kVA

Lokhu isibonelo sikhombisa ukuthi i-transformer yase-1,500 kVA ingayikwazi ukuba yisilinganiso sakho uma konke amacharja a-4 ayisebenza ngokuphakama kakhulu.

Kodwa, ukukhetha kwesikhathi sokugcina kufanele kubhekane nalo:

• Amaphuzu okucharga okukhuluma ngokuzimisa.

• Ukufaka amandla kwezinsuku zombili.

• Ukuphatha kwesikhundla sokusebenza kwamandla nokulawula ukugcina umkhawulo.

• Amathilathi okusebenza okwesinye nokusebenza kwezindawo.

• Isikhati sezulu nokubekwa kwemithombo.

• Imiphumela yokufaka amandla kwezithuthi.

• Ukwenza inkulu yokuqala kokufaka amandla.

Izithuthi zesikhundla se-2,000 kVA singakwazi ukunika inkulu eyengeziwe kuzo zonke izindlela, kodwa akufanele isikhethwe ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhlola kwemithombo yokufaka amandla.

Ukukhula kwezithuthi kungahlela ukuvutha kwezimali futhi kungahlela ukuvutha kwezimali zokufaka amandla ngaphandle kokusebenza, kusukela ekubekeni kwemithombo yezithuthi.

4.2 Ukuchitha kwezinhlobo zokufaka amandla nokuchitha kwezithuthi

Amacharja ase-Direct Current (DC) asetshenzisa amachiphi okusebenza kwamandla ukuguqula amandla e-Alternating Current (AC) ku-DC esihlukanayo.

Lezi zikhonvetha zingakhuthaza amandla okuhambisana kusuka kumkhakha wokugcina.

Amadoda okuhambisana angahlela ukungafani kwezindawo zokuphatha kwe-transformer, ukungafani kwezindawo zokuphatha kwezinye, nokuphakama kwesikhathi sokusebenza.

Umbala wamadoda okuhambisana uyaphendula kakhulu ngokwesikhundla sokubeka kwe-charger, ukulungisa ifaktor yamandla, ukuchitha, nokuthi kuyasebenza njani.

I-charger ezintsha zokusebenza ngokwesikhundla sokubeka zingabonisa ukungafani okuncane kwezandla zokubeka ngokwesikhundla sokusebenza esizokuthola.

Ngoko ke, abasayensi baya kubona ukuthi konke kwe-transformer yokucharga i-EV kufanele ibe ne-rating yomthembiso we-K-factor.

Kodwa, ukukhetha i-transformer kufanele kubhekiswe:

• Umbala wamadoda okuhambisana okubekwa kwe-charger.

• Ukungafani kwamandla okuhambisana yonke (THDi).

• Izinkinga zokuhlelwa kwamandla (IEEE 519) ekupheleni kokubambisana kwezindawo zokubambisana.

• Izinkulungwane zokungafani kwezindawo zokuphatha kwe-transformer nezinkulungwane zokungafani kwezindawo zokuphatha kwezandla.

• Ukuthatha iziphakade zokugqibela kwezindawo zokusebenza.

• Izimo zokusebenza ezithile kusendaweni.

Amathransfomaya atholakala ngokufanayo nge-K-factor angabonakala njengendlela eyodwa yokuphatha ukulayisha kwe-harmonic, kodwa isigama se-K-factor sifanana ngokuvamile nezindlela zokusebenza zemathransfomaya etholakala ngokuvamile.

Kumathransfomaya atholakala ngokuvamile amaphathi, ukubhalwa kwezinhlayo zokulayisha kwe-harmonic noma ukudesigna kwezindawo zokusebenza kungaba yindlela eyinkulu kulokukhombisa i-K-4 noma i-K-13 ngaphandle kokubhalwa kwezinhlayo.

4.3 Ukulayisha Kwemikhosi Nokusebenza Kwezindawo Zokugqibela

Ukubuyisela kwemoto yase-EV kungashintsha njengoba imimoto ihlanganisa, isondela noma ishintsha umkhosi wokubuyisela.

Nakuba iziphephetho zokubuyisela ziyasebenza ngokuphatha umkhosi wokufaka ngokuvamile kunezinhlayo zokufaka ezingavamile zezimoto, amakhambi amaningi okubuyisela okukhulu angahleba ukushintsha kwezinhlayo.

Ngoko ke, ukusebenza kwezindawo zokugqibela kumathransfomaya kufanele kubhalwe ngokusebenza kwezinhlayo zokubuyisela ezinamandla.

Izici ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

Isikhundla sesikhumba sokugqibela: Izinhlayo eziningi zingahleba ukuzwela kwezindawo zokugqibela.

Isikhathi sokuchitha isilwane: Isilwane sokuchitha sibonisa isikhathi sokusebenza ngokwekhiyoni.

Ukufaka isilwane esikhathini: Amaphuzu amaningi okufaka isilwane nokuhlala kahle kuyakubeka phansi umsebenzi wokuchitha kwesilwane.

Izimo zezulu: Izinkathi eziningi zeminyaka nezinkinga zokuhamba kwamafutha kungabakhula izinkinga zokuchitha.

IEEE C57.91 inakho umlando wokuzivikela ukufaka isilwane nokuchitha kwezinkambo zokuchitha kwezilwane zokufaka isilwane ngemifutha yezinkambo.

Kwizihlalo zokufaka isilwane ezingaphezulu, iziprofayili zokufaka isilwane ngemihora noma ngemihora engaphezulu kungasiza ekuphakanyiseni ukulinganisa isilwane kunezilinganiso ezinye zokufaka isilwane.

4.4 Ukusebenza Kakhulu Kwamandla Nokunciphisa Ukuchitha Ngaphandle Kokufaka Isilwane

Izistesheni zokufaka isilwane zingaba zisemthwakweni ngokuphelele nakuba ukufaka isilwane kungafanele.

Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokusebenza zezinto zokungasebenzi zomthelela kuzo izindlela zokusebenza ngeminyaka yonke.

Abadlayi bezinto zomthelela bahlola izintechinoloji ezimbili zokuphatha kakhulu:

Izilayi zokusebenza zezinkulungwane zokugcina (GOES/CRGO)

Izilayi zokugcina zezinkulungwane zokusebenza ziyatholakala kakhulu futhi zinamaphuzu okusebenza okugcina okuphawulekile, ubukhulu bakho bokudlaya, nokuthi zingabi nesilinganiso sokuthengiswa.

Amakhophi amahlobeni

Amakhophi amahlobeni angakwenzela ukuthi izindlela zokusebenza zezinto zokungasebenzi zizishwe kakhulu kunamakhophi amabili asebenzayo.

Kodwa, umsebenzi wokwenzela uyiphatha kakhulu ngokwesiqondiso sesikhathi sokusebenza, kufuneka kubhekwe isimo sokugcina, ukuthenga kwesikhathi sokusebenza, ubukhulu bekuphatha kwezinto zokusebenza, nokuthi kuyisiphi isikhathi sokusebenza.

Amathimba okuthenga kufanele abhekise izindlela zokusebenza zezinto zokungasebenzi nezinto zokusebenza okuthathwe ngokuphelele kodwa akufanele baphendula kuphela emazwi okuthi yiziphi izilayi zokusebenza.

Ukubhekisa okuphelele kufanele kubhekise izindlela zokuthenga kwezinto zokusebenza (TOC), kufuneka kubhekwe izindlela zokuthenga, izindlela zokusebenza zezinto zokungasebenzi, izindlela zokusebenza zezinto zokusebenza, izindlela zokuthenga kwezilayi, nokuthi kuyisiphi isikhathi sokusebenza.

4.5 Ukukhombisa Kwempilo Kwemithombo Yokufaka Amaphethi Kwe-EV

Amahubu Okufaka Amaphethi Kwe-EV Okwesikhasi Sokuthengisa Kungakwazi Ukuphumeza Kukukhombisa Kwemiphumela Yomkhakha.

Ngokwezinye Izinkampani, Izinkampani Zokukhombisa Zingaba Zifana Ne-:

• Ukubala Kwetemperetsha Yomoto.

• Ukubonisa Iqiniso Leliquido.

• Ukukhombisa Kwempilo.

• Ukubala Kwemikhakha Yokusebenza.

• Amaphethi Okukhombisa Ukuthi Kunezinkinga Zetemperetsha.

• Amaphethi Okukhombisa Kwemibhalo Yokuhamba Ngaphandle Kokwenyathi.

Lezi zinhlobo Zingasebenza Ukususa Izinkinga Futhi Ukuvuselela Ukubona Kwemisebenzi.

Kodwa, i-architecture yokuxhumana, ukuvikela kwe-cybersecurity, ukuxhumana nesifundazwe, nokulandela ngendlela eyengeziwe kufanele kubhalwe ngokucacile ngokuphakathi kokuphakama kwezinhloso.

5. Imineral oil vs. Izinkambo zokuchitha zezinkambo zezulu

Ukukhetha umsunguli wokuvimbela kubangela ukuthi isithakazelo sokugqamisa, izinkinga zokuphepha kwemithombo, izinkinga zokulungisa, nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuphatha izinsiza.

Umoto wokuzilahlwa uyasebenzisa kakhulu emithombeni yezinsiza ezingavimbela ngumoto ngoba uyaphila kakhulu nokuthi ubuyiswe ngokucacileyo.

Amasunguli amahle angavunyelwa njengesikhetho esinye kuzo zizindlela ezithile, ikakhulu lapho kunezinkinga zokuphepha okanye zokuphatha izinsiza.

Ipharamitha	Incwadi Ezenzulwini	Umoto wokuzilahlwa oMahle
Ukusebenzisa kwezindustria	Ukusebenzisa kubonakala kakhulu	Ukusebenzisa kusuka kwezindlela eziyisisekelo kusuka kwezinye
Isikhathi sokuphepha	Kwakhiwa phansi kakhulu	Kwakhiwa phezulu kakhulu
Ukubola	Ngokujulile iphansi	Ngokujulile iphezulu
Ukuchitha kwamandla okukhanya	Amaphrofayili we-mineral oil ethile	Ukuchitha kwamandla okukhanya kanye nokubhekisa kwe-insulation kuyahlanuka
Ukulula kwesikhathi sokugcina	Ngokujulile iphansi	Ngokujulile iphezulu
Izisekelo zokusebenza	Ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuthengisa kwezinkampani	Amathuluzi okukhanya apholile kanye nezinkampani ezipholile kuma-environment

Amaphrofayili we-natural ester angakusiza ukuba aqiniseke isikhathi sokukhanya esiphezulu, kodwa ukudesigna kwe-transformer, ukuthi iphrofayili iyasebenza ngendlela efanele, izindlela zokuhlela, kanye nezinkinga zokukhanya zokuphepha kufanele zihlanganiswe.

Kumathuluzi we-EV okuthengisa amasite ezindawo ezingaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala noma emazweni okuvikela, abafundi bafanele bakhangise izinkinga zokukhanya, izindlela zokuhlanganisa, izindlela zokugcina, kanye nezinkinga zokuthengisa phambi kokukhetha iliquidi yokubhekisa.

Umfundo wokushintsha wesithakha esihle kungafanele ukuthi sibonise ukukhupha konke okufanele kusukela kwezinkinga zokulinda izimpilo nezinkinga zokugcina umhlaba.

6. Ukukhetha i-Transformer engenwe emaphandeni kwezindlela zaseNorth America

Kubani abaningi bokusebenza kwemithambo nezindlu zokuthenga zezindawo zokusebenza, ukuthenga ngendlela eyodwa kungahlela ukunciphisa ukungafanele kwezinyathelo zokusebenza nokunqoba ukuthenga izinto ezingafanele ngokwesikhundla sokuthenga.

6.1 Umlinganisi wokuthenga okumelwe kwenziwa ngokwemithambo

Ukucaciswa	Umbuzo Odingekile
Isicelo	Ukuthenga kwezimithambo, imithambo yezindawo zokusebenza, ukuthenga kwezivhili zokuhamba nge-EV noma izindawo zokusebenza
Indlela eyenziwe	kVA/MVA
Isibalo sokuqala	60 Hz
Uvoltage wesibophelo	Umvuzo wokusebenza wokuthenga kanye nezinhlobo zokusebenza
Uvoltage wesiphakathi	480Y/277 V, 208Y/120 V noma ezinye
Isikhundla sokusebenza nasezinye izinhlobo zokusebenza	Ngokwesifundo sezinkinga zokusebenza nokuhlanganisa ukulawula
Ukubeka kwemithambo	Ukubeka kwezikhombisa noma ukubeka kwezinkambo
Ukugcina kwesibhakabhaka	Isibhakabhaka esisilungile noma isikhetho esisodwa
Isilwane sokuvimbisa	Iminyama yomthwalo noma isikhetho esisodwa
Ukubeka kwezinkambo zokuchitha	Isigaba sokuchitha esisebenza ngokwesilungile
Ukungcoliseka	Isilinganiso sesiprojekthi nasezinkinga zomthwalo
Ukugcinwa	Amaphutha, amaphutha okuchitha nokuguqula
Isiciyeli	Imithwalo ye-IEEE C57.12.28 uma iyasebenza
Ukusebenza kahle	Imithwalo yokuqondisa ye-DOE, yaseKanada noma yezimfundo zokusebenza
Ukujonga	Ukulingana kwezintemperatura, ipresha nezindlela zokuxhumana
Amagama olucacile	Amadrawing, amaphuzu okuzifunda nokubonisa ukuthi kusebenza ngokuphelele

6.2 Kungani Ukulingana Kwesikhumba Kuyisisekelo

Ukulingana kwesikhumba kubangela ubukhulu bekugcina kwezibhambo zokugcina, ukulingana kwezivoltage nezindlela zokuhlanganisa izinkampani zokulawula.

Isikhumba esingaphansi kungahlela ukulingana kwezivoltage eminye imiphumela yokuqonda kodwa kungakhula ubukhulu bekugcina kwezibhambo.

Isikhumba esingaphezulu singabusa ubukhulu bekugcina kodwa singakhula ukulingana kwezivoltage emaqondweni.

Ngakho-ke, ukulingana kufanele kuhlanganiswe nesikhumbu sesiqondiso sokusebenza kungenxa yokukhetha ngokwesibonelo.

Kumathuba okuchaza i-EV, abafundi bafanele bakhangane ukulingana kwezivoltage emaqondweni aphakeme kakhulu futhi bakubonise ukuthi ubukhulu bekugcina kwezibhambo kusobala kungaphansi kwezilinganiso zokuvula kwezinkampani zokusebenza ezizolwandle.

ukuqondisa kwezifundo zokuziphatha kwezindawo zokusebenza nokuthenga kwezinhlelo zokubhala izindaba zokuhlela

Ukuvikela ubukhulu bekutransformer kufanele kuchaze ukuziphatha kwezindawo zokusebenza nezinhlelo zokubhala izindaba zokuhlola.

Ngokuphinda kwezinhlobo zekutransformer nokusobala kwemithombo eyisisekelo, ukuziphatha kwezindawo zokusebenza kungafaka:

• Ukubhalwa kwezilinganiso zokugcina kwezihlathi.

• Ukubhalwa kwezilinganiso nezinhlobo zokubheka.

• Izindleko zokusebenza ngaphandle kwezindleko zokubheka kwezihlathi.

• Izindleko zokusebenza nesikhundla sokugcina.

• Ukuziphatha kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokusebenzisa imvume yokubeka umoya.

• Ukuziphatha kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokusebenzisa imvume yokubeka umoya okwenzelwe.

• Ukuziphatha kwezindawo zokubheka ukuthi kungabikho ukudlula kwezinto ezinconywe ngamafuta.

Izihlobo eziningi, izifundo, noma izivulamlomo esingazange zibhekwe ngumthwasa.

Amadokhumenti okuvumela emkhambini kufanele abonise ngokucacileyo isithakazelo esizilahlwa, izistandare eziphathelene, izimboni zokuvumela, neziphumo zokuzilahlwa.

Kubuyi bafunda abase North America, bafunda futhi ukuthi izithombe, amazwi emboni, amalungiselelo okusebenza, nokuthi izincwadi zokubonakaliswa kwezinkambo zokuphatha noma kwezinkambo zokuzilungiselela ziyatholakala.

7. Jiangsu Dingxin Electric: Izisolution zokufaka kwezindawo zokugcina zokufakwa ngokwezifundo

Jiangsu Dingxin Electric yisikhundla sokufaka amathransfomha wezimali enesikhundla esine-30 iminyaka yezindlela zokusebenza, isebenza kumaketu wasezweni wonke ngamathransfomha okugcina nokufaka amathransfomha.

Isiphambano sakho sesithombe sikhona:

• Amathransfomha okugcina kwezindawo zokugcina kwezinye igama.

• Amathransfomha okugcina okugcinwa ngemoto.

• Amathransfomha okugcina kwezindawo zokugcina zokufakwa.

• Amathransfomha okugcina okugcinwa ngokwezinye.

• Amathransfomha okufaka amathransfomha okugcinwa ngemoto.

• Amasubstesheni okufakwa ngaphambi kokufakwa.

• Izitransefomaya zokugcina kwe-PV.

Kubaprojekthi beNorth America, uDingxin ungakwazi ukusebenzisa abasebenzi ukubona izinkinga zezitransefomaya zokusebenza kanye nokwenza iziphakamiso zezinto ezingafaniyo.

7.1 Ukuphatha izitransefomaya ngokwesikhundla sokusebenza

Iziprojekthi ezihlukahlukene zidinga iziphakamiso zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilungiselelo nezinhlobo zezinkampani.

Iprojekthi yokuqinisa kwezindawo zokugcina kwezilungiselelo kungadinga ukuthi kubhekwe kuzo izinkampani zokugcina kwezinye, izindlela zokuguqula, kanye nezinkampani eziphathelene nolungiselelo lwezilungiselelo.

Iprojekthi yokufaka amaqhisha we-EV kwezibhizinisi kungadinga ukuthi kubhekwe kuzo izinkampani ezinkulu zokugcina kwezinye, ukuthi kubhekwe kuzo iziphakamiso zokugcina kwezinye, ukubona ukuthi kuyaphela umsebenzi, ukubona izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kanye nokubona ukuthi kuyaphela umsebenzi wokugcina kwezinye.

Iprojekthi yokufaka amaqhisha we-renewable energy kungadinga izinkinga eziningi ezithinta ukuthi kusuka kumaqhisha kuya kumaqhisha, ukuthi kubhekwe kuzo izinkampani zokugcina, kanye nokuthi kubhekwe kuzo izinkampani zokuvikela.

Izizindimi zokuphatha kwe-Dingxin zingabonisa:

• Izinkinga zokuvimba nezinkinga zokugcina kwe-projekthi.

• Ukubeka kwe-transformer nokuhlanganisa izindlela.

• Amabanga we-enclosure nokuhlelwa kwezinhlobo zemikhili.

• Izinketho zeliquidi yokuvimbisa.

• Izindlela zokuhlanganisa kwe-primary ne-secondary.

• Izinkinga zokujonga nokufaka amaservisi.

• Ukuhlanza kwe-factory nokuthinta izindaba zokudokhumentha.

Kufanele kubonakaliswe ukuthi iprodukthi yokuqedile iyatholakala futhi iyasebenza ngokulingana nespecification setekhniki esithunywa.

7.2 Ukusupporta i-EPC zaseNorth America nezindlela zokusambisa

Kukuphatha i-transformer yezizwe eziningi, ukuchaza tekhniki kubaluleke kangaka njengokwenza i-transformer.

Abathengi base-Amerika eNingizimu kufanele banikeze umbono wokusebenzisa, iziphakamiso zokusebenza, izindikimini zokusebenza, nezindlela zokufaka kusukela emva kwezikhathi zokuthenga.

U-RFQ lwesayensi yonke ungcwele ungcwele ukuchaza ukubambisana kwemithombo nekubonisa izinkinga zokuvumela ngaphambi kokuphatha.

UDingxin ungcwele ukuxoxa nabathengi base-utility, abathengi be-EPC, abasalela amathuba okusebenza kwelekthrikhile, nabathengi base-infrastruktura yezibhizinisi esifuna izisombululo sezinhlobo zemithombo yeziprojekthi.

Kuzo zonke iziprojekthi ezidinga izinhlobo zama-IEEE/ANSI, izindikimini zokuvumela nezindlela zokuzwela kufanele zibhalwe futhi zivumelwe ngaphambi kokuthi ishishini sivumelwe.

8. Imibuzo eyinkulu ekhuluma ngezinhlobo zama-IEEE zemithombo yezihlalo

I-IEEE standard pad-mounted transformer yini?

I-IEEE standard pad-mounted transformer yilomithombo wokugcina emhlabeni owodwa ngokwesifundo se-IEEE sokuphakamisa kwelekthrikhile, ukwakha, ukuzwela, nokwakha kwemithombo yezihlalo.

Izindlela zokusebenza eziphathelene ziyisisekelo sezindlela, i-klasi yemvume, nokusebenza.

Ukuchaza okuhambisana phakathi kwezindawo zokufaka umoya noma kwezindawo zokufaka umoya ngokuphakanyiswa kwezindawo zokufaka umoya?

I-transformer yokufaka umoya ngokuphakanyiswa kwezindawo izifunda umoya ngendlela eyodwa yezindawo zokufaka umoya.

I-transformer yokufaka umoya ngokugxilwa kwezindawo izinikeza izihlanganiso ezivumela ukuthi umoya wokugcina kwezindawo zokufaka umoya ngaphansi kwamagugu ugcine ngaphandle kwezindawo zokufaka umoya, kusiza ekubeni kunezinkambo zokugcina nokugcina ngokuphakanyiswa uma kwenziwa ngokuphelele.

Izikhundla zokufaka umoya zingakanani ezidingekayo kwezindawo zokufaka umoya we-EV zokusebenza kwezindawo?

Ukukhulu kwezikhundla zokufaka umoya kuyiphatha ngokwesikhundla sokufaka umoya, ukuthula kwe-AC, ifaktor yomvume, ukuthola kwezinhlobo zokufaka umoya ngokuzimangaliswa, izinhlobo zokufaka umoya zokusebenza kanye nezinhlobo zokuphakamisa.

Umzekelo, amane amakhundla okufaka umoya angu-350 kW esebenza ngokuzimangaliswa kungahitshwa ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-1,489 kVA yomvume wokufaka umoya ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-95% kanye nefaktor yomvume yoku-0.99.

Ukugcina kokukhulu kwezikhundla kudinga ukuthenga kwezinhlobo zokufaka umoya ngokujulile.

Li-IEEE C57.12.28 kunye ne-IEEE C57.12.34 liyisisekelo esifanayo?

Cha. i-IEEE C57.12.28 iyathumela imithwalo yokuqinisa isikhumba kwezinto ezifanele kwezinkulungwane zokugcina emhlabeni.

I-IEEE C57.12.34 iyathumela imithwalo kwezinkulungwane zokugcina emhlabeni zokuhambisana ngamaphuzu amathathu, ozokufaka emafutha.

Kuzo konke kungase kube nemithwalo eyodwa yezinkulungwane, kodwa ziyabukela imithwalo eyodwa.

Kungase kubhekwa izinkulungwane zokugcina emhlabeni ukusebenzisa umfutho wokuphepha wesintu sokunqoba?

Yebo. Izinkulungwane eziphephile zokugcina emhlabeni ezithile zingakwakha ukusebenzisa umfutho wokuphepha wesintu sokunqoba.

Izinkulungwane kufanele zibhekwe ngokujwayelekile ukusebenzisa umfutho owakhethwe, nokubhekana ngokuphelele nesibonelo sesilika, imiphumela yokuqonda, imiphumela yokuqondisa, kanye nemithwalo eyodwa.

Imithwalo yezinkulungwane zokucharga i-EV iyimfuneko yokubhekana nezinhlobo zezinkulungwane?

Akukho lutho lokhu.

Imithwalo yezinhlobo ziyaphendula kusuka kwezinhlobo zezinkulungwane zokucharga kanye nenqubo yezinhlobo zokusebenza.

Abafundi bokugcina kwezindawo zokusebenza kufanele bahlalele ispekthremu yezinkqubo zokugcina, izindlela zokuhlwa kwemithambo, nokuthi ukusebenza kwezindawo zokuhlwa kwezindawo zokusebenza kungakhathalelwe ngaphambi kokukhetha izindlela zokubhekisa kwezinkqubo zokugcina.

9. Isiphetho: Ukubakha izindawo zokusebenza zokugcina ezincwadini nezindawo zokugcina kweziveki zokusebenza kwezindawo zokugcina

Ukuguqula kwemithambo yaseNorth America nokunyelela kwezindawo zokugcina kweziveki zokusebenza kwezindawo zokugcina kuyabiza ukuthi kunezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina, ezinconywa, nezifana nesikhundla sokusebenza kwezindawo zokugcina ezincwadini.

Kubantu abasebenza emithambeni, abasebenza kwezindawo zokugcina, nababhekisi bezindawo zokugcina, ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza kuyaphendula kumazinyo amaningi okuhlanganiswa:

• Ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza zikaIEEE/ANSI okuphelele.

• Ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina noma zokugcina kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina.

• Ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina nezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina.

• Ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina.

• Ukubhalisa kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina nezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina.

• Ukukhetha kwezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina nezindawo zokusebenza zokugcina.

• Ukuqinisekiswa kwezifundo zokuziphatha kwezindawo zokuphatha nokuthi kubhalwe izindaba zomsebenzi.

Ukusebenzisa i-transformer esihle isebenza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezindawo zokusambisa, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okudala ngokuphelele, nokuncima imiphumela yokufaka futhi yokuphatha.

Qha ngokwesikhundla sokufaka i-transformer esiyisikhundla sokufaka esingasemthwakweni

Uyaphanda ukuguqula ukusambisa emzini noma umsebenzi wokufaka kakhulu kwe-EV emazweni aseNtshonalanga?

Jiangsu Dingxin Electric uyabizwa ngokuthuthukisa i-transformer yomsebenzi futhi uyabiza ukuthuthukisa kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokusambisa kwezindawo zokusebenza nezindawo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza.

Sabelana nomsebenzi wakho wokugcina ivolthe, isimo sokusebenza, ukugcina kwezindlela, izimboni ezithile, nezindlela zokusebenza nge-engineering team yethu.

Xhuma i-Dingxin Electric ukuhlanganisa ngokuhleleka kwakho kwe-transformer esiyisikhundla sokufaka futhi uqha ukuthola ukuthi kuyisikhundla sokufaka (RFQ).